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Human Shared DNA with ?

•Humans Shared DNA with???
By: Dren

Since the Discovery of DNA and the advancement of our technology to sequence DNA of humans and other organisms,its safe to say afterall as mentioned in my previous articles that some animals or plants we shared a common.Do you know what are these animals and plants?

Of course the people around you shared with you about 99% of your DNA.

A.Apes and Monkeys

-its no surprise i guess that these animals are the one who are very close to us,Humans.Sometimes we called them our Cousins as the percentage of what we have in common are high.Of the great apes, humans share 98.8 percent of their DNA with bonobos and chimpanzees. Humans and gorillas share 98.4 percent of their DNA. Once the apes are not native to Africa however, the differences in DNA increase. Humans and orangutans share 96.9 percent of their DNA. Humans and monkeys share approximately 93 percent.Well thats a quite close really.

B.Mice
-Well this might shocked a little but believe it or not this animals also shared a little common with us.Humans and mice share nearly 90 percent of human DNA. This is important because mice have been used in laboratories as experimental animals for research into human disease processes for years.

C.Dogs
-Dogs are considered as Man's Best friend. Its no surprise either we shared a common with them seeing a lovely relationship right? Humans and dogs share 84 percent of their DNA, which again,makes them useful animals to study human disease processes. Researchers are particularly interested in specific diseases that affect both dogs and humans.

D.Chickens
-Well this quite a shocking as the previous one are also Mammals,we are mammals also so not surprise but Chickens belongs to another class,the Avians.What things do we have in common? Humans and birds are a different matter. Yet they, too, share a lot of DNA -- 65 percent.Understanding the similarities and differences between human and avian DNA is important. First, because chickens make proteins, such as interferon, that are helpful to human immunity, and need to be further studied. Second, because viruses like the ones that cause the flu cross between birds and humans and need to be studied so that vaccines can be invented and improved.

E.Cats
-Of course if dogs and humans shared common,Cats also.Cats are more like us than you'd think. A 2007 study found that about 90% of the genes in the Abyssinian domestic cat are similar to humans.

F.Cattles
-Wait,Cattles?Think about some diseases come from this animals that be transmitted to us also just like birds right?Its no shocking actually.Domesticated cattle share about 80% of their genes with humans.

G.Fruit Flies
Another out of the bounds,Fruit Flies belong to class insecta still belongs to same kingdom as humans. When it comes to insects' DNA, humans have a bit less in common. For example,fruit flies share 61% of disease-causing genes with humans, which was important when NASA studied the bugs to learn more about what space travel might do to your genes.

H.Zebra Fish
-Who says we dont have a shared dna in marine organisms. We share about 73 percent of our genetic code with zebrafish.

I.Platypus
-Well two mammals,so its kinda interesting to platypus also. Human DNA is about 69 percent shared with these little guys.

J.Honey Bees
-Its kinda weird,humans and Bees?Im supposed to say Bumblebee but its not a human but a robot. Buzzing right around, bees share about 44 percent of human DNA.

K.YEAST
-If there is more weirder than a Bee,Yeast is one of them.We share about 26 percent of our “housekeeping” genes with these single-cell organisms.

L.Acorn Worm
-You gotta be kidding,A worm?Well its true whether we like or not.Acorn worms look nothing like people; the worms have no limbs and breathe through slits in their guts. But they share approximately 14,000 genes with humans, scientists found,comprising about 70 percent of the human genome. These genes can be traced back to an ancestor of both acorn worms and humans that lived more than 500 million years ago,during a period known as the Cambrian explosion.

M.Banana
-This is just ridiculous if you think it carefully,Animal and a plant have a at least one common to each other?Well its not possible as ive stated,We are all Related. It is said that we share about 60% of our genes with a banana.

N.Mustard Grass
-Well just a banana,weird. We share approximately 15 percent of our DNA with this plant.

Well this are some many still not known how much we are related to other organisms.But one thing is sure,We are all Related to each other.We have life.

Sources:
~http://education.seattlepi.com/animals-share-human-dna-sequ…
~ https://m.huffpost.com/us/entry/us_564f5a50e4b0258edb3145dc
~ http://www.businessinsider.com/comparing-genetic-similarity…

BAKIT GISING KA PA?

•Hoy,Bakit Gising ka pa?
Written By: SMice

You may take it seriously or not,either way this article focuses one of the favorites of this generation kids.^^

Pero seryoso bakit sa ganitong oras(Check the time I posted this article) ay Gising ka pa?Biologically,dapat tulog ka na dhl yan ang nakalagay sa Circadian Rhythm.

Ano kaya pumipigil sayo na matulog?

Number 1.Si CRUSH
Number 2.Assignments and Requirements
Number 3.Gadgets

Sa tatlong nabanggit,Ano most common?

Sa akin number 3.,Gadgets.

Several articles have reported on the effects of LED backlit screens and their emission of a certain blue-light wavelength on melatonin levels, an essential hormone that makes you drowsy and kicks in your sleep cycle.

Melatonin is released naturally at the onset of darkness, preparing your body for rest, and then continuously throughout the night as part of your natural circadian rhythm -your body's daily biological clock. However,melatonin can be partially curbed by exposure to light, and the abnormally bright glow of backlit computer screens seems to be especially disruptive to its release. Suppression of melatonin then has the opposite effects, increasing alertness and arousal,and even altering REM sleep patterns when you finally do nod off.

A group of researchers sat students down in front of an LED screen from the hours of 11pm-1am (not too unusual an occurrence), but this time they also equipped them with specialized goggles that either ramped up or down the amount of blue light they received. Melatonin levels were reduced by almost 50% in the blue goggle condition, which amplified the target blue-light wavelength,but were down only 7% in the pure LED condition after two hours of exposure, and not at all after one hour.

Thus, it seems the brightness of the light and the length of time spent staring at it significantly affects the impact on melatonin levels.

But maybe it's not the screen you're looking at itself; maybe it's what's on the screen that's the problem. Several studies have reported an increase in stress levels induced by late-night texting, which can trigger insomnia and disrupt sleep patterns. A preliminary study from University of Texas Pan-American reported higher stress levels and poorer sleep in students who texted or went online within two hours before going to bed. Another report stated similar findings when it came to active screen behaviors, like emailing or playing a video game, but no difficulties in those who just watched a movie on their laptops. Thus, the problem may be more linked to the type of activity you use your computer for, with active screen behaviors causing higher arousal rates before bed.

Either way, when it comes to your night- time routine, you might do better with the age-old adage of reading a boring book or counting sheep to help you fall asleep instead of checking your email one last time.

~Smice

How to Clone Yourself?

•How to Clone Yourself
By: SMice

Teka bgo ko simulan.Alam ko lahat tyo gusto maclone ang sarili ntn.Pero itatanong ko sainyo?Ano ba nsa isip mo if heard that word?Syempre Human Cloning! Well sadly hindi to pang human kundi a basic procedure ng cloning on your DNA.

have you ever heard this "Polymerase Chain Reaction" if yes hindi ka mawawala dto so lets proceed.

When molecular biologists use the term "cloning," they are usually referring to the process of cloning a gene,not an organism. If you want to clone yourself, start small by cloning a gene. You might find something interesting.

Studying a single gene and the protein or proteins it encodes is hampered by the fact that genes exist in a bustling genome. It is often useful to isolate a gene so that it can be studied or manipulated in isolation. For example, cloning the gene for human insulin allows us to produce large amounts of insulin in bacteria.

Cloning is easier than you might think. If you already have a gene in mind you can look it up in a sequenced genome! Let's say you want to clone your insulin gene to see if it's any different from your friend's. In the human genome, the gene for insulin is abbreviated INS and happens to sit on
chromosome 11.

The first step is to amplify the gene using a process called PCR, short for polymerase chain reaction. In PCR, short pieces of single-stranded DNA are used as primers to get the reaction going. One primer binds at the front of the gene and the other at the end. Together, they define the region of DNA your PCR reaction will copy,exponentially.

After PCR, you have a tube of DNA that is almost exclusively the INS gene. From here,you can sequence the gene directly by mailing away the INS PCR product (the routine method of DNA sequencing is very similar to PCR, requiring also one of your primers)

But say you are also interested in producing your own supply of insulin, encoded by your own personal INS gene. To do that,you need a cell that can read the instructions encoded in the INS gene to produce functional insulin protein. Luckily, all life on earth uses a shared genetic code and so a gene from one organism can be understood by any other organism. E. coli is usually the first choice,since it grows quickly and is easy to handle.

First you need to figure out a way to get INS into E. coli. The cell needs more instructions than what is encoded in this foreign, human gene, and the DNA needs a vehicle to carry it into the cell.

The solution is to use a plasmid. Plasmids are small, circular molecules of DNA that bacteria faithfully copy before each cell division. The plasmids are easily taken up by bacteria using a simple heat shock procedure, and they stick around because they encode a gene for antibiotic resistance, Growing the bacteria on the corresponding antibiotic means that only the cells with the plasmid can survive.

Here's where the cloning comes in. Youinsert your INS gene into the plasmid using restriction enzymes. When you transfer the plasmid to E. coli, the cells will produce many copies of the plasmid (and by extension your INS gene) with each cell division. It is this method of precise copying that we call "cloning."

Now, to finish this out you have to instruct the E. coli to express insulin. Though the cells understand the coded message for assembling insulin, they do not have the same machinery as humans to recognize that there is a message to be read! By adding a suitable genetic switch you create what is now called an expression plasmid (or, more commonly, "expression vector.")

As the E. coli cells grow, they faithfully copy your plasmid and express the insulin encoded in your INS gene. With the right biochemical know-how, you can purify this small, cloned part of yourself.

What's truly remarkable about this method of cloning is that you can apply it to any gene you want, although very long genes are tricky to clone.

So now you've cloned a small part of you. In fact, we could say you cloned the smallest unit of you: one gene.

(c) Scitable

~Smice

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How to Clone Yourself

•How to Clone Yourself
By: SMice

Teka bgo ko simulan.Alam ko lahat tyo gusto maclone ang sarili ntn.Pero itatanong ko sainyo?Ano ba nsa isip mo if heard that word?Syempre Human Cloning! Well sadly hindi to pang human kundi a basic procedure ng cloning on your DNA.

have you ever heard this "Polymerase Chain Reaction" if yes hindi ka mawawala dto so lets proceed.

When molecular biologists use the term "cloning," they are usually referring to the process of cloning a gene,not an organism. If you want to clone yourself, start small by cloning a gene. You might find something interesting.

Studying a single gene and the protein or proteins it encodes is hampered by the fact that genes exist in a bustling genome. It is often useful to isolate a gene so that it can be studied or manipulated in isolation. For example, cloning the gene for human insulin allows us to produce large amounts of insulin in bacteria.

Cloning is easier than you might think. If you already have a gene in mind you can look it up in a sequenced genome! Let's say you want to clone your insulin gene to see if it's any different from your friend's. In the human genome, the gene for insulin is abbreviated INS and happens to sit on
chromosome 11.

The first step is to amplify the gene using a process called PCR, short for polymerase chain reaction. In PCR, short pieces of single-stranded DNA are used as primers to get the reaction going. One primer binds at the front of the gene and the other at the end. Together, they define the region of DNA your PCR reaction will copy,exponentially.

After PCR, you have a tube of DNA that is almost exclusively the INS gene. From here,you can sequence the gene directly by mailing away the INS PCR product (the routine method of DNA sequencing is very similar to PCR, requiring also one of your primers)

But say you are also interested in producing your own supply of insulin, encoded by your own personal INS gene. To do that,you need a cell that can read the instructions encoded in the INS gene to produce functional insulin protein. Luckily, all life on earth uses a shared genetic code and so a gene from one organism can be understood by any other organism. E. coli is usually the first choice,since it grows quickly and is easy to handle.

First you need to figure out a way to get INS into E. coli. The cell needs more instructions than what is encoded in this foreign, human gene, and the DNA needs a vehicle to carry it into the cell.

The solution is to use a plasmid. Plasmids are small, circular molecules of DNA that bacteria faithfully copy before each cell division. The plasmids are easily taken up by bacteria using a simple heat shock procedure, and they stick around because they encode a gene for antibiotic resistance, Growing the bacteria on the corresponding antibiotic means that only the cells with the plasmid can survive.

Here's where the cloning comes in. Youinsert your INS gene into the plasmid using restriction enzymes. When you transfer the plasmid to E. coli, the cells will produce many copies of the plasmid (and by extension your INS gene) with each cell division. It is this method of precise copying that we call "cloning."

Now, to finish this out you have to instruct the E. coli to express insulin. Though the cells understand the coded message for assembling insulin, they do not have the same machinery as humans to recognize that there is a message to be read! By adding a suitable genetic switch you create what is now called an expression plasmid (or, more commonly, "expression vector.")

As the E. coli cells grow, they faithfully copy your plasmid and express the insulin encoded in your INS gene. With the right biochemical know-how, you can purify this small, cloned part of yourself.

What's truly remarkable about this method of cloning is that you can apply it to any gene you want, although very long genes are tricky to clone.

So now you've cloned a small part of you. In fact, we could say you cloned the smallest unit of you: one gene.

(c) Scitable
~Smice

Agent P's Genome

•AGENT P's GENOME•
By: Dren

Agent P,the alias also of the pet of Phineas and Ferb na si PERRY THE PLATYPUS.But have you ever wonder on their Genome?Do they share some characteristics with other animals?Humans? Also this is also one very interesting example of the topic we discussed recently on Systematics.Lets find out.

The sequencing of the platypus genome has received a high amount of misleading press attention.What does this information really tell us about this strangely unique animal and its genetic past?

The recent publication of a draft of the platypus genome (Warren et al., 2008) has garnered a great deal of newspaper coverage, much of which has been misleading. Over and over again, the article lead is that the platypus is "weird" or "odd," or even worse, that the animal is a chimera.

One author, for instance, describes the platypus as a "genetic potpourri—part bird, part reptile, and part lactating mammal" (AFP, 2008). Unfortunately, such statements are inaccurate. In reality, the platypus is not part bird, as birds are an independent and (directly) unrelated lineage.

Moreover, although one could say that the platypus is part reptile, it is so only in the sense that it is a member of the great reptilian clade that also includes prototherians, marsupials, birds, lizards,snakes, dinosaurs, and eutherian mammals (including humans). Using this line of reasoning, we humans could say with equal justification that we, too, are part reptile.

For what we know they are MAMMALS that LAYS EGG which is an unique one talaga.

The truth about the platypus—and what makes the animal's recent genomic sequencing particularly m interesting—is that it belongs to a lineage that separated from ours approximately 166 million years ago,deep in the Mesozoic era, and since that time, it has independently lost different elements of our last common ancestor. By comparing bits of the platypus genome that were conserved with those that were lost, researchers can develop a clearer picture of what Jurassic mammals were like, and they can also determine what sorts of genetic traits contemporary mammals have gained and lost over the course of evolution.

In order to better understand the impact of the platypus study, it is helpful to begin by looking at a cladogram that illustrates the dates when derived traits
appeared in the various lineages considered in the study (Nasa Comment Section). This diagram reflects a fairly conventional picture of our evolutionary history, and it reinforces the evolutionary explanation for the illustrated relationships.As you can see, a number of modern animals-including birds-are depicted along the top of the cladogram in Figure 1. Note,however, that the cladogram does not imply that modern monotremes (including the platypus) are part bird. Rather, birds are included in this diagram because they are contemporary representatives of the sauropsid lineage, a group of reptile cousins
that split from our family tree roughly 315 million years ago. So, if monotremes aren't part bird, why did the investigators who conducted the platypus study examine genomic data from chickens during the course of their research? The primary reason for inclusion of this data relates to comparison.Specifically, the researchers knew that if they found a feature in birds that was also present in monotremes (or marsupials or eutherians), this would mean that the feature was most likely also present in the animals' common ancestor.

For instance, one of the unusual (for a mammal) features of the platypus is
meroblastic cleavage. In fact, there is a famous telegram from 1884 in which researchers who were working in Australia announced a dramatic discovery to their colleagues at the British Association:

"Monotremes oviparous, ovum meroblastic."

Those four words declare that the platypus lays eggs (i.e., it is oviparous) and that the early stages of platypus embryo formation resemble the stages seen in birds and reptiles, not mammals. As opposed to the platypus, eutherians and marsupials have eggs that go through holoblastic cleavage; this means that the first cell divisions following fertilization cut all the way through the ovum,producing multiple,separable daughter cells. On the other hand,in the meroblastic cleavage of the platypus and chicken, the large yolky egg does not completely subdivide, so early cell divisions are incomplete. These incomplete divisions produce a sheet of cells on top of the yolk that are cytoplasmically continuous with the yolk cytoplasm. Indeed, this sheet is common feature in yolky eggs and is a
consequence of physical constraints on cell division.

Thus, both the platypus and the chicken exhibit meroblastic cleavage—but this does not mean that platypuses are part bird.Rather, what it does suggest is that
meroblastic cleavage is likely a primitive character, one that was inherited from thelast common ancestor of synapsids and sauropsids over 300 million years ago.Another possibility is that birds and monotremes evolved this feature independently, thereby making this trait an example of convergent evolution. Simple observation of meroblastic cleavage in both monotremes and birds is not enough to determine whether this characteristic arose via convergence or via common descent—in order to discover which is the case, we must look at multiple details of the evolutionary process.

Of course, not just the platypus but every living organism is a mix of both conserved,primitive characters and evolutionary novelties—thus, a mouse is just as "weird" as a platypus from an evolutionary perspective, as each is the product of processes that promoted divergence from a common ancestor, and each is equidistant from that ancestor. It's just that we primates share more derived characters, or synapomorphies, with mice than with platypuses because we are more closely related, and the mix of characters in mice istherefore more familiar to us.

Indeed, all modern animals are products of different evolutionary trajectories, and no one species by itself is representative of the ancestral condition. As a result, we must determine the ancestral state of modern animals through the comparison of multiple lineages—and that is the virtue of the data from the platypus. Information regarding the platypus genome adds yet another lineage to our data set—a lineage that diverged from ours over 160 million years ago. The platypus data is therefore a lens that can help us see what novelties arose during that 160 million year window on both the eutherian and monotreme sides of the split.

Sequencing of the platypus genome reveals that the platypus has about 18,000 genes; humans, by comparison, have somewhere around 20,000.Moreover, roughly 82% of the platypus's genes are shared between monotremes,marsupials, eutherians, birds, and reptiles. This is not at all surprising,because all of these organisms are made of eukaryotic cells, and the basic eukaryotic machinery is going to be shared among species. Platypuses and humans also share a lot of "selfish" DNA bits—about half of both species' genomes consists of LINE and SINE - like sequences.

Humans and platypuses do differ in the details, however. For instance, an obvious difference is that the platypus lays yolky eggs, whereas humans and other eutherians have yolkless eggs that are retained in the mother's body. Thus, as you might expect,the platypus has a gene that humans lack—one that codes for vitellogenin, a crucial yolk protein.

Source
•AFP. Neither fish nor fowl: Platypus genome
decoded. May 7 (2008)

•Brown, S. Top billing for platypus at end of
evolution tree. Nature News 453, 138 (2008)

~Dren